Vanadium (V)
Vanadium is element 23, a transition metal in period 4, group 5 of the periodic table. At room temperature it is a solid.
Electron configuration [Ar] 3d3 4s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 11, 2
Vanadium data
| Atomic number | 23 |
|---|---|
| Symbol | V |
| Atomic mass | 50.941 u |
| Category | Transition metal |
| Group | 5 |
| Period | 4 |
| Block | d |
| State at 25 °C | solid |
| Melting point | 2183 K (1909.9 °C) |
| Boiling point | 3680 K (3406.9 °C) |
| Density | 6.11 g/cm³ |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.63 |
| Atomic radius | 125 pm |
| 1st ionization energy | 651 kJ/mol |
| Electron affinity | -51 kJ/mol |
| Oxidation states | -1, +2, +3, +4 |
| Common ion charge | 5+, 3+ |
| Discovered | 1803 |
Orbital diagram
Each box is one orbital holding up to two electrons of opposite spin. Following Hund’s rule, electrons spread out singly across a subshell before pairing.
Work through vanadium’s configuration and its ions →
Where vanadium sits
Vanadium belongs to the transition metals. Its Pauling electronegativity of 1.63 is mid-range; see the electronegativity chart and periodic trends for context. To use its mass in a calculation, try the molar mass calculator.
Vanadium FAQ
What is the electron configuration of vanadium?
Vanadium (Z = 23) has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2. In noble-gas shorthand that is [Ar] 3d3 4s2.
How many valence electrons does vanadium have?
5 (2 outer s + 3 d electrons; 2 in the outermost shell).
What is the atomic mass of vanadium?
The standard atomic weight of vanadium is 50.941 u, so one mole weighs 50.941 g.
Is vanadium a metal?
Yes. Vanadium is a transition metal.
What is the charge of a vanadium ion?
Vanadium most commonly forms V5+ or V3+.