Gadolinium Electron Configuration
★ Exception to the Aufbau order. Predicted 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f8 5s2 5p6 6s2; measured 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f7 5d1 6s2.
Orbital diagram
- Valence electrons
- 3
- Unpaired electrons
- 8
- Block
- f-block
- Magnetism (atom)
- paramagnetic
Electrons per shell
| K (n = 1) | 2 |
|---|---|
| L (n = 2) | 8 |
| M (n = 3) | 18 |
| N (n = 4) | 25 |
| O (n = 5) | 9 |
| P (n = 6) | 2 |
Gadolinium ion configurations
| Ion | Electrons | Configuration |
|---|---|---|
| Gd3+ | 61 | [Xe] 4f7 |
How to write it
Place 64 electrons into subshells in the Aufbau order (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p), filling s with 2, p with 6, d with 10 and f with 14. Gadolinium sits in period 6, in the f-block, so its last electron enters a f subshell. Replacing the inner electrons with the previous noble gas gives the shorthand [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2.
Try gadolinium and its ions in the calculator, or see the full gadolinium data sheet.
Gadolinium electron configuration FAQ
What is the electron configuration of gadolinium?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s². Shorthand (noble gas) notation: [Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s².
What is the noble gas configuration of gadolinium?
[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s². The bracket stands for the Xe core electrons.
Why is gadolinium’s electron configuration an exception?
The simple filling (Aufbau) order predicts 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f⁸ 5s² 5p⁶ 6s², but the measured ground state is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s². Shifting an electron gives a half-filled or filled subshell, which has extra exchange stability.
How many valence electrons does gadolinium have?
3 (2 outer s + 1 d electrons; 2 in the outermost shell).
How many unpaired electrons does gadolinium have?
8 in the ground state, following Hund’s rule. An atom with unpaired electrons is paramagnetic.
What is the electron configuration of Gd3+?
[Xe] 4f⁷ (61 electrons).